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CAHDE (2009) 6 bilingual/bilingue

Strasbourg, 23 January 2009

Glossary of technical terms in the field of electronic democracy

Recommendation Rec (2009) 1 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on e-democracy

Prepared by the Council of Europe’s Ad Hoc Committee on e-democracy (CAHDE)

The terms defined in this glossary are complementary to those used and defined in the Recommendation and its explanatory memorandum 

№	English	Description
1	B2G (business to government)	Relationship between business and government, including information, communication and transaction.
2	blog, weblog	Web-based journal with chronological entries, usually created and maintained by a single author, which may be open to comments from other people.
3	budget simulation game	Electronic game to explore, understand and compare fiscal and policy options of public budgeting.
4	C2C - (citizen to citizen)	Relationship between citizens.
5	C2G (citizens to government)	Relationship between citizens and groups of citizens on the one side and government on the other, including information, communication and transaction.
6	chat	Online real-time dialogue between people.
7	chatroom	Virtual room where a chat session takes place.
8	content management system (CMS)	System that supports the creation, updating and maintenance of digital information in order to facilitate the availability of up-to-date information and content.
9	crowdsourcing	Act of taking a task traditionally performed by an employee or contractor, and outsourcing it to an undefined, generally large group of people, in the form of an open call.
10	data exchange format	Agreed way of coding data to facilitate the exchange of information between systems.
12	data interchange format (DIF)	Text file format used to import/export single spreadsheets between spreadsheet programmes.
13	decision-making game	Electronic game to explore, understand and compare policy-making options.
14	digital divide, digital gap	The divide/gap between those who have access to and can effectively use ICTs and those who cannot.
15	e-activism	Bottom-up political engagement using ICT as a medium to deliver a political message to a larger audience, but also as a tool for organisation and fundraising.
16	e-advocacy	Mobilisation of citizens to influence public policy and political decisions.
17	e-ballot	The electronic means by which the voter can express his or her choice.
18	e-business	The conducting of business processes via ICTs.
19	e-commerce	Buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet.
20	e-community, community network, virtual community	A group of people with a shared interest which meets and interacts in virtual space.
21	e-forum, e-discussion forums	Virtual space for online discussion, allowing deferred participation.
22	e-electioneering	E-campaigning in relation to elections.
23	e-enabling	Process to facilitate the acquisition of ICT skills.
24	e-learning	Education or learning supported by ICT
25	e-health	Exploiting the full potential of ICTs in health systems and services.
26	e-inclusion	The enabling of all stakeholders, including, in particular, digitally disadvantaged persons and groups of persons, to easily and effectively use devices (hardware) and technologies (software) necessary for participation in the information society.
27	e-literacy	The awareness, skills and understanding necessary for an individual to operate in ICT-supported environments.
28	e-lobbying	Conducting activities aimed at influencing public decision-makers through the use of ICTs.
29	e-movement	Lobbying group mainly using electronic means of communication and more specifically the WEB.
30	e-neighbourhood	Online discussion and exchange in a neighbourhood context in order to foster local participation and to integrate local issues into the political agenda or to find solutions on a local basis.
31	e-ombudsman, e-ombudsperson	Online ombudsman service and/or ombudsman on public electronic issues.
32	e-panel	Selected group of people who give their views on specific issues over a period of time in virtual space.
33	e-planning	ICT- based planning in order to deliver more efficient and accessible information and services.
34	e-readiness	The ability to take advantage of ICTs, dependent upon resources, competence, infrastructure and legal frameworks.
35	G2B (government to business).	Relationship between government and business, including information, communication and transaction.
36	G2C (government to citizens)	Relationship between government on one side and citizens and groups of citizens on the other, including information, communication and transaction.
37	G4C(government for citizens)	Concept of citizen-centered governmental service.
38	GIS (Geographic Information System)	Electronic system for managing and exploiting data based on geographical locations (spatial data).
39	GIS-tools	GIS-based applications that provide a variety of services to users.
40	Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)	The study, design, development, implementation, use, support and management of computer-based information systems particulary software applications and computer hardware.
41
42	internet forum jam	Online brainstorming session with a very large audience.
43	livestreaming	Real-time transmission of audio and/or video data over the Internet.
44	mash-up	Web application that combines data from various sources to form an integrated application with a different use.
45	metadata	Data that provide information about other data to facilitate the understanding, searching, use and management of data.
46	moderation	A way of maintaining rules or standards on a website, particularly in chatrooms and forums, by a person (moderator) who supervises the publication of the information submitted.
47	newsgroup	A type of discussion forum implemented as a message archive replicated across servers. Messages are retrieved and posted by news clients communicating with servers using the network news transfer protocol (NNTP).
48	netiquette (network etiquette)	Rules of acceptable behaviour in virtual spaces.
49	one-stop portal -procedure -	Single entry point for citizens to information and related services on the Internet from different sources.
50	online surgery	Web application designed to help elected representatives engage with the citizens they represent.
51	open source software (OSS)	Software of which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design free of charge.
52	open standard (OS)	An adopted and published standard which may be copied, distributed and used free of charge or for a nominal fee.
53	podcasting	Method of distributing multimedia files such as audio or video programmes over the Internet for playback on mobile devices or personal computers.
54	portal	Website homepage offering a large collection of resources and services, either internal or external to the site.
55	proprietary software	Software which is the property of one party, the use of which is made available to a second or more parties, usually under contract or licensing agreement.
56	rich/rdf site summary, really simple syndication (RSS)	Online mechanism allowing subscribers to receive regularly updated information on specified topics.
57	social networking	Social networking relates to a category of web applications helping to link individuals who jointly use a variety of tools.
58	social networking software	Software that lets people connect, meet, share information and collaborate by use of the Internet.
59	spatial data	Data describing a point or object by its coordinates in space, usually with reference to the surface of the earth.
60	suggestion tool for (formal) planning procedures	Web application supporting public participation in formal planning procedures where citizens are invited to comment on official documents within a defined period.
61	tag	Keyword linked with an element such as a website, a picture or a video, which is subjectively selected as a means of classification, by the person who creates the element.
62	user-generated content	Content that is not provided by a website provider but by the users of the offer themselves.
63	virals	Method of spreading information from one person to other persons (analogous to a virus).
64	web 2.0	A perceived second generation of Internet-based services enabling people to collaborate and share information online, not representing a new standard but rather an attitude.
65	webcasting	Provision of real-time or stored video and/or audio data via the Internet.
66	webcast	Real-time or archived recordings of meetings broadcast over the Internet.
67	web content management system (WCMS)	CMS used to manage the content of a website.
68	wiki	Web application that allows users to create and edit content collectively.

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